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Desert grassland whiptail lizard
The desert grassland whiptail lizard (''Aspidoscelis uniparens'') is an all-female species of reptiles. It was formerly placed in the genus ''Cnemidophorus''. ''A. uniparens'' have limited social stimuli, having only two basic needs: finding food and avoiding predators.〔Eifler DA, Eifler MA (1998) Foraging Behavior and Spacing Patterns of the Lizard ''Cnemidophorus uniparens''. J Herpetol 32:24–33〕 A common predator of the whiptail lizard is the leopard lizard, that prey on ''A. uniparens'' by using ambush and stalk haunting tactics.〔Tollestrup K (1983) The social behavior of two species of closely
related leopard lizards, ''Gambelia silus'' and ''Gambelia wislizenii''. Z Tierpsychol 62:307–320〕〔Pietruszka RD (1986) Search tactics of desert lizards: how polarized are they? Anim Behav 34:1742–1758〕〔Eifler, D. A., Eifler, M. A., & Harris, B. R. (2008). Foraging under the risk of predation in desert grassland whiptail lizards (''Aspidoscelis uniparens''). Journal Of Ethology, 26(2), 219-223. doi:10.1007/s10164-007-0053-0〕 These reptiles reproduce by parthenogenesis. In this procees, eggs undergo a chromosome doubling after meiosis and developing into lizards without being fertilized. However, ovulation is enhanced by female-female courtship and "mating" (pseudo-copulation) rituals that resemble the behavior of closely related species that reproduce sexually.〔Crews, D. & Fitzgerald, K.T. (1980). (''"Sexual" behavior in parthenogenetic lizards (''Cnemidophorus'')'' ). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 77, 1. pp. 499-502.〕〔Crews, D., Grassman, M. & Lindzey, J. (1986). (''Behavioral Facilitation of Reproduction in Sexual and Unisexual Whiptail Lizards'' ). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 83, 24. pp. 9547-9550.〕〔Grassman, M. & Crews, D. (1987). (''Dominance and reproduction in a parthenogenetic lizard'' ). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 21. pp. 141-147.〕
==Description==
The desert grassland whiptail lizard is a relatively small reptile, whose size ranges from 2¾ inches (69 mm) to 5¼ inches (137 mm).〔"Whiptails (Cnemidophorus Spp.)." https://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_whiptails.php. Ed. Craig Ivanyi. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 23 Oct. 2014.〕 Desert grassland whiptails are very long and slim, with a thin tail that is longer than their body length. Their distinct identifying feature are the six yellowish lines that run the length of their body. The majority of the whiptail's body tends to be an olive or brown colour that fades to a faint blue or gray on their tail. Comparatively, an adolescent's tail is a very bright and vibrant blue.〔Brennan, Thomas C. "Desert Grassland Whiptail (Aspidoscelis Uniparens) - Reptiles of Arizona." Reptiles of Arizona. Reptiles of Arizona. Web. 23 Oct. 2014.〕 Their bodies are lined with small coarse scales, which gradually get larger as they approach the tail. The scales on their bellies are much larger in size and are much smoother as well.
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